https://developers.google.com/edu/python/regular-expressions
Python Regular Expressions
Regular expressions are a powerful language for matching text patterns. This page gives a basic introduction to regular expressions themselves sufficient for our Python exercises and shows how regular expressions work in Python. The Python "re" module provides regular expression support.
In Python a regular expression search is typically written as:
match = re.search(pat, str)
The re.search() method takes a regular expression pattern and a string and searches for that pattern within the string. If the search is successful, search() returns a match object or None otherwise. Therefore, the search is usually immediately followed by an if-statement to test if the search succeeded, as shown in the following example which searches for the pattern 'word:' followed by a 3 letter word (details below):
str = 'an example word:cat!!' match = re.search(r'word:\w\w\w', str) # If-statement after search() tests if it succeeded if match: print 'found', match.group() ## 'found word:cat' else: print 'did not find'
The code
match = re.search(pat, str) stores the search result in a variable named "match". Then the if-statement tests the match -- if true the search succeeded and match.group() is the matching text (e.g. 'word:cat'). Otherwise if the match is false (None to be more specific), then the search did not succeed, and there is no matching text.
The 'r' at the start of the pattern string designates a python "raw" string which passes through backslashes without change which is very handy for regular expressions (Java needs this feature badly!). I recommend that you always write pattern strings with the 'r' just as a habit.
Basic Patterns
The power of regular expressions is that they can specify patterns, not just fixed characters. Here are the most basic patterns which match single chars:
- a, X, 9, < -- ordinary characters just match themselves exactly. The meta-characters which do not match themselves because they have special meanings are: . ^ $ * + ? { [ ] \ | ( ) (details below)
- . (a period) -- matches any single character except newline '\n'
- \w -- (lowercase w) matches a "word" character: a letter or digit or underbar [a-zA-Z0-9_]. Note that although "word" is the mnemonic for this, it only matches a single word char, not a whole word. \W (upper case W) matches any non-word character.
- \b -- boundary between word and non-word
- \s -- (lowercase s) matches a single whitespace character -- space, newline, return, tab, form [ \n\r\t\f]. \S (upper case S) matches any non-whitespace character.
- \t, \n, \r -- tab, newline, return
- \d -- decimal digit [0-9] (some older regex utilities do not support but \d, but they all support \w and \s)
- ^ = start, $ = end -- match the start or end of the string
- \ -- inhibit the "specialness" of a character. So, for example, use \. to match a period or \\ to match a slash. If you are unsure if a character has special meaning, such as '@', you can put a slash in front of it, \@, to make sure it is treated just as a character.
Basic Examples
Joke: what do you call a pig with three eyes? piiig!
The basic rules of regular expression search for a pattern within a string are:
- The search proceeds through the string from start to end, stopping at the first match found
- All of the pattern must be matched, but not all of the string
- If
match = re.search(pat, str)is successful, match is not None and in particular match.group() is the matching text
## Search for pattern 'iii' in string 'piiig'. ## All of the pattern must match, but it may appear anywhere. ## On success, match.group() is matched text. match = re.search(r'iii', 'piiig') => found, match.group() == "iii" match = re.search(r'igs', 'piiig') => not found, match == None ## . = any char but \n match = re.search(r'..g', 'piiig') => found, match.group() == "iig" ## \d = digit char, \w = word char match = re.search(r'\d\d\d', 'p123g') => found, match.group() == "123" match = re.search(r'\w\w\w', '@@abcd!!') => found, match.group() == "abc"
